no it doesn't damage your skin. not in the near future, nor years down the road. never. the only way it would damage your skin is if you have a reaction to it and continue to use it.
studio sculpt is a med-full coverage foundation. mac's foundations, whether sheer or full coverage, don't feel or look cakey, as long as they're applied right. if you're interested in trying studio sculpt, go get matched and get a sample to try, however, you're not gonna find anything more full coverage than studio fix.